įollowing one of the other meanings of the word, Aristotle gave logos a different technical definition in the Rhetoric, using it as meaning argument from reason, one of the three modes of persuasion. However, both logos and lexis derive from the same verb légō ( λέγω), meaning "(I) count, tell, say, speak". The term is also used in Sufism, and the analytical psychology of Carl Jung.ĭespite the conventional translation as "word", logos is not used for a word in the grammatical sense-for that, the term lexis ( λέξις, léxis) was used. Martin Luther rejected Zeitwort (verb) in favor of Wort (word), for instance, although later commentators repeatedly turned to a more dynamic use involving the living word as felt by Jerome and Augustine. Reformation translators took another approach. The Vulgate Bible usage of in principio erat verbum was thus constrained to use the (perhaps inadequate) noun verbum for "word", but later Romance language translations had the advantage of nouns such as le Verbe in French. Early translators of the Greek New Testament such as Jerome (in the 4th century AD) were frustrated by the inadequacy of any single Latin word to convey the meaning of the word logos as used to describe Jesus Christ in the Gospel of John. The Gospel of John identifies the Christian Logos, through which all things are made, as divine ( theos), and further identifies Jesus Christ as the incarnate Logos. Philo distinguished between logos prophorikos ("the uttered word") and the logos endiathetos ("the word remaining within"). 50 AD) adopted the term into Jewish philosophy. The Stoics spoke of the logos spermatikos (the generative principle of the Universe) which foreshadows related concepts in Neoplatonism. Pyrrhonist philosophers used the term to refer to dogmatic accounts of non-evident matters. Aristotle applied the term to refer to "reasoned discourse" or "the argument" in the field of rhetoric, and considered it one of the three modes of persuasion alongside ethos and pathos. The sophists used the term to mean discourse.
Īncient Greek philosophers used the term in different ways. 475 BC), who used the term for a principle of order and knowledge. It became a technical term in Western philosophy beginning with Heraclitus ( c. ''I say'') is a term in Western philosophy, psychology, rhetoric, and religion derived from a Greek word variously meaning "ground", "plea", "opinion", "expectation", "word", "speech", "account", "reason", "proportion", and "discourse".
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